Internationalization of higher education has become a highly discussed topic in recent times. Globalization is pushing every country to adhere to a common standard of quality in human resources. Therefore, according to Murphy (2007), several countries worldwide are actively engaging in the internationalization of higher education within their own borders to meet the demand for high-quality international resources. Nevertheless, is the internationalization process in each nati

Teachers play a pivotal role as the frontline force in a nation's educational system. Despite significant governmental budget allocations towards education, coupled with the construction of adequate facilities and comprehensive curriculum reforms, the true essence of educational quality remains intricately tied to the qualifications and competencies of educators. A teacher of high caliber serves as the linchpin in bolstering the efficacy of teaching and learning (Suryadarma e

Over the past decade, many countries have pursued major educational reforms, including two prominent Southeast Asian nations: Indonesia and Vietnam. Interestingly, both countries were driven to reform largely because of their performance in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Indonesia, which took part in PISA in 2001, 2004, 2007, and 2018, consistently recorded poor results